英语阅读有效解题方法

篇1:英语阅读有效解题方法
一. 例证题
例证题的标记:
当题干中出时example、case、illustrate、illustration、exemplify时。
1.返回原文,找出该例证所在的位置,即给该例子定位。
2.搜索该例证周围的区域,90%向上,10%向下,找出该例证支持的观点。例子周围具有概括抽象性的表达通常就是它的论点。
注意:
举例的目的是为了支持论点或是为了说明主题句。举例后马上问这个例子说明了什么问题?不能用例子中的话来回答这个问题。
3.找出该论点,并与四个选项比较,得出选项中与该论点最一致的答案。
注意
例证题错误答案设计的干扰特征经常是:就事论事。即用例子中的某一内容拉出来让你去选。
二. 指代题
1.返回原文,找出出题的指代词。
2.向上搜索,找最近的名词、名词性短语或句子(先从最近点开始找,找不到再找次近的,一般答案不会离得太远)。
3.将找到的词、词组或句子的意思代入替换该指代词,看其意思是否通顺。
4.将找到的词、词组或句子与四个选项进行比较,找出最佳答案。
三. 词汇题
“搜索代入”法
1.返回原文,找出该词汇出现的地方。
2.确定该词汇的词性。
3.从上下文(词汇的前后几句)中找到与所给词汇具有相同词性的词(如一下子找不到就再往上往下找),代入所给词汇在文章中的位置(将之替换)看语义是否合适。
4.找出选项中与代替词意思相同或相近的选相,即答案。
注意
1.如果该词汇是简单词汇,则其字面意思必然不是正确答案。
2.高考阅读不是考察字认识不认识,而是考察是否能根据上下文作出正确的判断。
3.词汇题的正确答案经常蕴藏在原文该词汇出现的附近。注意不能靠单词词义直接往下推。
4.寻找时要注意同位语、特殊标点(比如分号,分号前后两句话的逻辑关系不是形式上的并列就是语义上的并列,也就是两句话的意思相同,所以可用其中一句话的意思来推测另一句话的意思从而推出所给词汇含义)、定语从句、前后缀,特别要注意寻找时的同性原则。比如:让猜一个名词词组(动词词组)的意思,我们就向上向下搜索名词词组(动词词组)。
隐蔽型词汇题:
题干与原文的某句完全重合,只有一两个词被替换掉。隐蔽型词汇题的做法跟词汇题的做法几乎一样,往上往下找。
四. 句子理解题
1.返回原文找到原句。
2.对原句进行语法和词义的精确分析(找主干),应该重点抓原句的字面含义。若该句的字面含义不能确定,则依据上下文进行判断。注意:局部含义是由整体决定的。
3.一般来说,选项中的正确答案与原句意思完全相同,只不过用其他英语词汇换种表达而已。
思路
对句子微观分析,不行就依据上下文,选择时不要推得过远。
注意
句子理解题的错误选项干扰项特征:推得过远。做题时应把握住推的度。
五. 推理题
推理题标志
learn、infer、imply、inform
1.看是否可以通过题干返回原文或依据选项返回原文。一般要围绕文中的一两个重点进行推理。推理题无论通过题干能不能定位,我们都要把它固化到文章的一两点上。
2.依据原文的意思进行三错一对的判断。先不要进行推理,若有一个选项跟原文的意思一模一样,则该选项必然是正确答案。推理题不是考察我们的想象力,它实际是考察我们原文中的某几个点如一个、两个点所涉及的问题我们读透了没有。因此,不推的比推的好;推的近的比推的远的要好。
注意
1.做题时不能想得太多,推得过远。是否把原文读懂才是关键。
2.推理题的最近答案原则:不推的要比推的好,推的近的要比推的远的好,直接推出的要比间接推的好。(原文的某句话变个说法)
六. 主旨题
“串线摘帽”,即在自然段少的时候串串线,串线法解不出来时,大帽子、小帽子摘一下。
主旨题的标志
mainly about、mainly discuss、the best title
串线法
抓首段和其余各段的第一句话,把其意思连接成一个整体。要注意总结性的提示词和转折词,特别要注意中心句。(主要针对自然段少的文章;针对自然段多的文章,主旨题最好联系中心句。找一个和中心句最贴近的)
逆向思维法、快速作文法
在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时,试着从选项出发,想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有那些内容,然后把它与文章的内容比较,接近的即为正确选项。
注意
1.小心首段陷阱。
2.主旨题错误选项的干扰特征经常是:局部信息,即选项的内容小于文章的内容;范围过宽,即选项的内容大于文章的内容。
七. 作者态度题
作者态度题标志:
attitude
1.应精确理解四个选项的含义。
2.可以寻找文中一些具有感情色彩的词。如:fortunately、excessively、toomany
3.举例的方式。
4.抓论述的主线。把第一段读透,把其他各段的段首段尾句拉出来,看整个文章的谋篇结构。
注意
1.不要掺杂自己的观点。
2.做作者态度题时特别注意:首先看清楚是谁对谁的态度。
八. 判断题
1.看可否通过四个选项具体化到文中一点或者根据自然段原则定位。
2.每个选项都应返回原文,不能凭主观印象进行判断。
3.要重点抓是“三错一对”还是“三对一错”的关系(做题是要看清题目)。
九. 细节题
1.看完题目回到原文,重叠原文。
2.进行对比,得出答案。
篇2:英语阅读有效解题方法
常识背景法
有些题目可能在看了文章之后,答案还是不很明显,这就需要运用一些基本常识甚至借助有关的背景知识来得出正确的答案。运用此法时,同学们应特别注意一些西方国家的首都和主要城市及其地理环境,一些主要的历史事件、主要历史年代及一些人物的轶事,英语国家的主要节日及主要风俗习惯等。另外,一些基本的生活常识、为人处世的常识、主要的道德规范等也可能在做题时用得着。顺便提醒一点,考虑到试题的导向性,英语阅读理解命题除应与阅读文章内容吻合外,还应符合历史背景和生活常识,同时还应积极引导学生健康向上,所以那些不合历史事实、有背生活常识、品位格调低下的选项通常是错误的。
先文后题法
“先文后题”即指先把文章读懂,然后再做题目,与下面讲到的“先题后文法”的做题顺序相反。如果一篇文章不长,但题目较多,可考虑使用此法。因为,若文章不长,先读它也不会用很多时间,再说若试题较多,则其信息也会较多,显然,要先记住较多的试题信息再去读一篇不长的文章不是太恰当。运用此法,同学们通常还可根据题目特点综合使用前面讲到的择优选择法、错误排除法、画图列表法、常识背景法、推理判断法等。
先题后文法
“先题后文”即指先看题目,然后再带着问题去读文章,这与上面的“先文后题法”的做题顺序相反。如果遇上文章很长但设题不多的场合,可考虑使用此法,因为先把试题看了,再去读一篇长文章,可以加强阅读的针对性,减少处理无关信息的时间,此时若能结合跳读查找法,有意识地带着试题问题跳读文章,从中查找出与试题相关的词句,则更会提高做题效率。
择优选择法
即根据所读材料内容或文中某个句子来比较各个选项,从中选出最符合文意的答案。这是做阅读理解最普通的一种方法,尤其适合于做难度不大的阅读理解题。
错误排除法
有些题目从正面无法择优选择,此时可考虑用排除法来试试。所谓排除法,就是指根据文章内容排除错误选项来确定正确答案的方法。一般说来,对于那些与文意明显不符或与文章内容不相关的选项比较容易排除,但有些选项与文章内容相符,却与题干问题不吻合,即属答非所问的情形,也应作为错误选项予以排除,尤其是那些从文章中摘录的现成句子,要特别小心,它们很有可能是干扰项。对于这类选项,要特别小心处理,除了验证其是否能回答所提问题外,还要看它是否回答了问题的主要方面,也就是说看它是不是答案,如果它只能回答所提问题的一个侧面或还有比它更合适的选项,都要毫不犹豫地将其排除。
跳读查找法
这是做事实细节题的常用方法。一般说来,事实细节题主要考查考生对某句话或某几句话的理解,此时同学们只要根据题干内容从原文中找到相关的句子或内容,然后进行比较、分析、推理、判断等,便可确定答案。运用跳读查找法时,同学们要特别注意试题(包括选项)与原文之间的适当变换。经验告诉我们,命题人不太可能从原文中找个句子直接用于试题测试,而是要进行一定的处理。这个“处理”是多方面的,它可能包括对原文进行同义变换、对概念进行解析、对事实进行归纳、将具体问题抽象化或将抽象问题具体化、将文中提到的原则或规则进行实际运用等等。
画图列表法
即根据所读文章内容草拟图表,以帮助理清思路,把问题条理化。此法尤其适用于所读文章涉及的人物、地点、事件、活动、数字等比较多或事件比较复杂的场合。比如一篇关于地理的文章,在介绍方位时,可能讲到A在B的东面,B在C的南面,而C又在D的北面,如此东南西北地转来转去,你一定晕头转向了,但假若我们根据文章内容边读边画个草图,那就清清楚楚了。
推理判断法
即要求考生根据所读材料的字面意思以及文章的逻辑关系,揣测作者的态度,理解文章的深层含义,领悟作者的言外之意。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。做这类题目时,要严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措词,找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词语,然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断,从而得出符合逻辑的结论。运用此法时,同学们一定要忠实于原文,以文章提供的事实和线索为依据,立足已知,推断未知,千万不能凭空想象,更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。
篇3:英语阅读有效解题方法
在做高考英语阅读理解题时,要按照题号顺序在相应的区域寻找答案。先看题干,标出题干中的定位词,然后根据找到的定位词回到原文寻找定位词在文章中的出处。只要在考试中集中注意力,仔细审题,我相信在解答细节理解题时一定会游刃有余,得心应手。
高考英语阅读理解解题技巧有哪些1.留心关键词,抓住英语阅读理解文章主旨;串联主要细节,推断文章中心思想。
所谓关键词,即英语阅读理解文章中反复出现的、与主题有关的名词、动词等,冠词或介词均不在关键词之列。需要注意的是,为了避免同一词的重复,文章有时会使用这个词的同义词、近义词,或用代词指代。
我们知道,并不是所有文章都包含明确的主题句,比如大多数的记叙文。记叙文的中心思想多隐藏在具体的细节中,作者通过众多的细节事实对一个中心进行说明。因此,我们必须善于串联主要细节,从中归纳英语阅读理解文章的中心思想。
2.注意段落主题句,归纳文章大意
段落的主题通常由被称为主题句的句子来表示。
主题句有两个功能:
①介绍段落的主题;
②阐述控制概念,控制概念用以控制段落中句子讨论的内容
英语阅读理解主题句通常是段落的第一句或末尾一句,偶尔在段落中间。非故事性文章(如科普文章)的主题句尤其明显。有的文章无明显的主题句,主题句隐含在段意之中
篇4:英语阅读有效解题方法
主旨题一般的解题方法是主旨句法,尽管有的文章是存在找不到主旨句的情况,但是这类题型一般都是可以用主旨句法来解决的。
而主旨句法又分为三个步骤。首先是寻找主旨句;其次是分析理解主旨句;最后是比较选项,选出答案。
第一步骤是寻找主旨句,那么这个主旨句到底应该在哪里?我们又要通过什么标准来判断我们找到的这句话就是文章的主旨句呢?首先我们要理解的是英语篇章一般逻辑性都很强,所以作者通常是会开门见山的说出自己写这篇文章的意图是什么,故我们寻找主旨句应该先在文章的首段来看,如果首段没有,我们再看末段,因为有时候作者可能是想在最后一段总结全文得出主旨句。主旨句在文章首段出现的频率会更高。在定位后,我们还要了解主旨句一般会出现在转折句和疑问句后,所以如果大家看到首段中有转折句和疑问句,那么主旨句一般就是在这两个“不正常”的句子之后了。
比如阅读理解第一篇的一道主旨题,我们在首段定位主旨句:
Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does Mother Nature agree? Animals can‘t talk, but can they lie in other ways? Can they lie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying, but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behave dishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helps them survive.我们找到这段中的but转折句,又发现后面接连几句都是疑问句,因此这段中的主旨句就是转折句和疑问句后的陈述句,即Animal experts may not call it lying, but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behave dishonestly to fool other animals.
第二步骤是分析理解主旨句。在这一步,我们主要是提取主谓宾,撇开插入语等赘句,进行这一步,能够帮助我们快速理解主旨句、进而迅速理解文章主旨大意。以上一段的主旨句为例,Animal experts may not call it lying, but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behave dishonestly to fool other animals.我们删掉from birds to chimpanzees这个插入语,再删去to fool other animals这个目的状语,那么剩下的成分就是Animal experts agree that many animals behave dishonestly,这样主旨句就简单明了。
第三步骤是比较选项,选出答案。这步就是“求放心”,在对选项进行比较后,我们可以排除掉无关文章主旨的选项,最终选出与主旨句最接近的那个选项。
说了这么多,大家还是要通过多多练习才能巩固对这个方法的应用。
篇5:英语阅读有效解题方法
6项具体的能力。
1. 理解主旨要义;
2. 理解文中具体信息;
3. 根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义;
4. 做出判断和推理;
5. 理解文章的基本结构;
6. 理解作者的意图、观点和态度。
为此,考生应不断地强化这六个方面的能力。为了便于理解,这里将能力转换成常见的题型表达, 即为细节理解题、词义推理题、推理判断题和主旨大意题。在备考复习中, 了解这些题目的特点和解题方法是考生提高阅读理解能力所必须具备的。下面结合近几年,尤其是的高考题来讲解命题与解题的关键。
(一)主旨大意题
主旨大意题考查学生理解文章主旨要义的能力或理解段落大意的能力, 这要求考生有较强的归纳和概括能力。
设题形式
Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
What is the best title for the text?
What can be a suitable title for the text?
What is the main idea of the text?
What is the text mainly about?
What is the second paragraph mainly about?
解题方法1:全文主旨题
根据教育部考试中心《高考试题分析》, “每篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。有时从文章的第一个段落, 甚至第一个句子即可得出文章的主旨要义, 从这一段或这个句子读者会知道文章描述的是谁或什么(即文章的主题), 亦会了解作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。有时, 作者没有明示文章的主旨要义, 需要读者从文章的字里行间进行归纳和概括”。因此, 考生可以根据这一特点,抓住文章首段和语篇结构来解题。
特别值得一提的是, 不同的语篇结构, 主旨呈现方式不同, 阅读策略也会相应发生变化。在高考英语中常见的语篇类型有应用文类文本、故事类文本、科普研究类文本、新闻报道类文本和议论类文本, 因此考生应掌握不同文本语篇的结构特点, 从而快速有效地理解文本, 把握文章主旨, 解决问题。
典型例题1:新闻报道类文本
Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle —named the Transition – has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.(高考全国II卷C篇)
...
1. What is the best title for the text?
A. Flying Car at Auto ShowB. The Transition’s First Flight
C. Pilots’ Dream Coming TrueD. Flying Car Closer to Reality
解析:本文是典型的新闻报道类文本, 这类文本由于时效性和写作特点, 主旨往往就在首段的导语, 之后, 文章再展开介绍详细新闻内容。因此, 在本题中, 根据文章的第一句话中“new flying car...bringing the company closer to its goal...”, 可以知道能够飞行的车离走向市场又进了一步, 因此答案D正确。
典型例题2:科普研究类文本
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse, even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. “We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,” explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light, about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by, is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.
In the future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off"switch"where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy. (高考全国I卷D篇)
2. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Can we grow more glowing plants?
B. How do we live with glowing plants?
C. Could glowing plants replace lamps?
D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?
解析:这道主旨大意题相对较难,但考生若能从篇章结构入手, 就不难理解文本的主旨。首先, 第一段第二句话中的“recent studies”就透露了本文篇章的特点。 本文是一个研究报道类文本, 这一类文本的特点是研究结果即为文章主旨。因此, 在阅读文本的时候考生要紧紧抓住这一特点。本文在第一段提出已有研究发现了植物所带来的积极效应, 接着第二段第一句提到MIT的工程师们进一步开展研究, 第三段进一步聚焦, 提到最近的研究是用蔬菜来实验植物发光, 并期待有一天能用植物的光给房间提供照明或将树变成自身可以发光的路灯。后面几段接着提到了对植物发光的研发和意义。可见, 本文重点谈及的是对植物发光应用生活的研究, 研究结果是用植物发光来代替已有的照明方式, 因此主旨大意题选择答案C。
典型例题3:议论类文本
There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life.
Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up.
Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion (排除) of others can hold back your true spirit.
Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective (视角) into specific fields of expertise (专长).The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills.
Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. "I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit."
These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad, general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy. (高考天津卷D篇)
3. What could be the best title for the passage?
A. Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist
B. Specialist or Generalist: Hard to Decide
C. Turn a Generalist into a Specialist
D. Ways to Become a Generalist
解析:根据本文每段的段首句, 可以推论本文是一篇议论文。阅读议论类文本, 关键是抓住论点, 文章的中心就是论点。根据本文第一段第二句话“Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life”可知本文的论点是“对你感兴趣的各类事物都知晓一些, 会丰富你的人生”, 这也就意味着作者支持的观点是成为一个多面手。据此, 在分析选项时, 不难发现A选项正确。而D选项虽然提到了成为一个多面手, 但ways to become a generalist更偏向于说明文, 而非议论文。
解题方法2:段落大意题
在分析段落主旨的时, 首先要找到该段的中心句。如果该段落没有中心句, 在确定该段每句话的信息和功能后, 再归纳和概括。
典型例题4
Early fifth-century philosopher St. Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him. Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it. Today's state-of-the-art atomic(原子的) clocks have proven Einstein right. Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking. (高考北京卷D篇)
4. What is the main idea of Paragraph 1?
A. Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature.
B. Everyone can define time on their own terms.
C. The qualities of time vary with how you measure it.
D. Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists.
解析:本文第一段共有四句话, 前两句话是例子, 第三句话进行总结, 最后一句话是中心句, 可以得知本段表明时间是什么是无法确定的, 答案取决于你的问题。据此, 可知答案是B选项。
(二)细节理解题
细节理解题主要考查考生理解文中具体信息的能力, 这包括了解语篇中的人物、时间、地点、事件、原因等细节的判断。这类题目通常都能在文中找到对应点, 要想获得正确答案, 一定要忠实于原文, 不能主观臆断。
设题形式
通常以when, where, what, which, who, how等疑问词开头询问具体细节信息的问题。这类题目多分为两类, 一类较为简单, 为直接信息题;另一类较为复杂, 为间接信息题。
解题方法1: 直接信息题
这类题目中, 答案选项往往与原文表达非常相似, 考生可通过原文定位的方法获得正确答案。这一方法的过程是, 先确定题干或选项中的关键词, 然后根据关键词回到原文扫读寻找相关信息句, 仔细核对比较内容确定答案。
典型例题5
People have been pouring into stadiums since the days of ancient Greece. In around 80 A.D., the Romans built the Colosseum, which remains the world’s best known stadium and continues to inform contemporary design. Rome’s Colosseum was 157 feet tall and had 80 entrances, seating 50,000 people. However, that was small fry compared with the city’s Circus Maximus, which accommodated around 250,000 people.(全国乙卷A篇)
5. How many people could the Circus Maximus hold?
A. 104,944.B. 107,601.C. About 150,000.D. About 250,000.
解析:根据题干判断此题为细节理解题,查找关键词为Circus Maximus,定位在文本第一段。根据最后一句“However, that was small fry compared with the city’s Circus Maximus, which accommodated around 250,000 people.” (然而,与这座城市容纳了25万人的大竞技场相比,这只是小巫见大巫。)可知,Circus Maximus可以容纳250,000人,这是直接通过原文信息呈现。故选D选项为正确答案。
解题方法2: 间接信息题
这类题目中, 答案选项通常转换了表达方式, 通过同义转换、归纳或概括等方式对原文信息进行合理的加工。这就要求考生平时能够积累同义表达, 提升归纳和概括的能力。
典型例题6
During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction(干扰)in his open office, he said, “That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street — so I can focus”. His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout(布局). But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works. (高考全国乙卷D篇)
6. Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?
A. It helps him concentrate.B. It blocks out background noise.
C. It has a pleasant atmosphere.D. It encourages face-to-face interactions.
解析:这是一道细节理解题,询问采访者为什么喜欢公用办公室。因此,根据关键词interviewer,不难发现信息来源于文章中第一段。根据第一段“That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street - so I can focus.(这就是为什么我在街对面的公用办公空间有会员资格——这样我就可以集中精力了。)”可知,采访者喜欢共享办公空间的原因是那里可以帮助他集中精力,选项中的concentrate对应文章中的focus,这是同义转换,因此选A选项为正确答案。
(三)词义推理题
词义推理题考查学生根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义的能力。词义推理题可以是对某个单词或词组的释义推测, 也可以是判断某个代词的指代对象。
设题形式
What does the underlined word “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean?
What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?
What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to?
解题方法
词义推理题需要通过上下文语境中的对比关系、类比关系、举例、下定义等方式判断词或短语的具体意义;如果是指代题, 就需要运用就近和逻辑一致原则在前文进行查找指代对象。
典型例题7
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter (29%) rely only on their smartphones according to a survey (调查). Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category. (全国乙卷B篇)
7. What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Admit.B. Argue.C. Remember.D. Remark.
解析:本题是根据上下文语境逻辑关系进行词义推理。根据划线单词的上文“Of those Australians who still have a landline (在那些仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人中)”可知, 这个调查的目标人群是仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人;根据下文“it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies (固定电话并不是必须的, 他们将其作为一种安全保障——19%的人表示他们从未使用过固定电话, 另有13%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情况”可知, 很多人认为固定电话并不是必须拥有的, 有些人保留固定电话只是为了防止紧急情况。从而推知, 在调查中, 他们应该是承认了固定电话的非必要性。由此可知, 划线单词“concede”意为“承认”, 故A选项正确。
典型例题8
As they grew more mobile, we let them move freely around the house during the day, but when we were asleep we had to contain them in a large room, otherwise they'd get up to mischief. We'd come down in the morning to find they'd turned the room upside down, and left it looking like a zoo. (北京卷B篇)
8. What do the underlined words “get up to mischief” mean in paragraph 3?
A. Behave badly.B. Lose their way.C. Sleep soundly.D. Miss their mom.
解析:本题是根据后文释义进行词义推理。根据画线词后文“We'd come down in the morning to find they'd turned the room upside down, and left it looking like a zoo.”(我们早上下楼时发现他们把房间弄得乱七八糟, 让它看起来像个动物园。)可知, get up to mischief应该是行为举止方面的问题, 所以作者不得不把老虎们关在一个大房间里, 故画线表达的意思是“表现不好”。故A选项正确。
典型例题9
In the mid-1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. ...(山东卷C篇)
9. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Developing a serious mental disease.
B. Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.
C. Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.
D. Writing an article about the Aral Sea.
解析:that位于第二段首句, 因此可以推断that指代的是第一段的内容, 根据第一段最后一句可知, that指代的是写了语篇关于死海消失的文章, 因此答案选择D。
(四)推理判断题
推理判断题考查对文中隐含含意或深层含意的理解能力, 这需要根据文章提供的事实和线索, 进行逻辑推理, 推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展的趋势等。这类题目涵盖较广, 除了信息的推断外, 还包括态度、写作目的等。
设题形式
What can be inferred about ....?
What can we infer about the author from the text?
What can be concluded from the text?
What’s the purpose of this text?
What’s the author’s attitude toward...?
解题方法
首先, 根据题干或选项确定考题所确定的信息来源区域, 是文本的某一段或几段, 还是来自全文;其次, 认真阅读信息来源区域, 获取相关信息;再者, 阅读选项, 确认每个选项是否符合文本信息。
这里需要注意的是, 在符合文本信息的选项中, 细节理解题的选项不是推理判断题的答案, 同时, 目标选项往往要符合文本主线, 切忌用自己观点代替作者本意。
典型例题10
How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries? (高考全国乙卷B篇)
10. What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph?
A. It remains a family necessity.
B. It will fall out of use some day.
C. It may increase daily expenses.
D. It is as important as the gas light.
解析:根据题干快速定位到文章最后一段。最后一段只有两句话,一句是“你有多喜欢你的座机?”第二句话是“它们还要多久才能走上煤气路灯和早晨送牛奶的道路?”,可以推知,本段使用类比的方式,使用煤气路灯以及早晨送牛奶已经被淘汰的例子,侧面说明了固定电话总有一天会废弃的。而再观察选项,A表示它仍是家庭必需品;B表示它终究有一天会被淘汰的;C表示它会增加每日话费;D表示他和电灯一样重要。根据对比,可以得知B选项正确。
典型例题11
Things quickly got very intense due to the huge amount of energy required to look after them. There were some tough times and I just felt extremely tired. I was grateful that my family was there to help. We had to have a bit of a production line going, making up “tiger milk”, washing baby bottles, and cleaning the floors. (北京卷B篇)
11. What did the author think of raising the tiger cubs at home?
A. Boring.B. Tiring.C. Costly.D. Risky.
解析:这是一道推理观点态度的题,而且是作者的态度,因此在阅读文本时,应关注文章中的形容词和表达情感的名词。根据文章中该段中“Things quickly got very intense due to the huge amount of energy required to look after them. There were some tough times and I just felt extremely tired.(由于需要大量的精力来照顾它们,事情很快变得非常紧张。有一段艰难的日子,我只是觉得非常累)”可推知,作者认为在家里养小老虎累人。故选项B正确。